Introduction: Intense exercise is known to cause temporary impairments in immune function. Few studies, however, have investigated the effects of intense competitive sports on immunoendocrine variables in athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of sport competition on responses of SALIVARY immunoglobolin A (sIgA), cortisol and their relationships in adolescent karateka.Materials & methods: Ten boys karateka with average ages of 13.1±.9 yr, weight: 58±9.7 kg, and body mass index: 20.3±2.4 kg/m2, that acceded to final competition of Ilam province were selected as subjects of this study. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected to measure sIgA and cortisol levels with ELISA method before, immediately and 2 hours after competition. In order to analyze the data, Shapiro-Wilk, analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements, Bonferroni and Pearson’s correlation tests at the significant level of p<0.05 were utilized.Findings: The sIgA level of adolescent karateka significantly decreased immediately in comparison with before competition (p=0.002), and increased significantly 2 hours after in comparison with immediately after competition (p=0.04). Also, the cortisol level of adolscent karateka increased significantly immediately (p=0.004), and 2 hours after in comparison with before the competition (p=0.038). In addition, there were no significant relationships between changes in sIgA and cortisol immediately (r=-0.47, p=0.16) and 2 hours (r=-0.36, p=0.22) after competition.Discusion & Conclusions: This results indicated that, official karate competition maybe with stimulating the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, causes increase in cortisol level and decrease of sIgA. It is concluded that, participant in karate competition suppressed mucousal immune system and enhanced possible risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Therefore, it could be necessary to take protective actions to minimize contact with pathogens or even reduce the training load for athletes.

Background. A correlation has been noted between diabetes mellitus (DM) and changes in the oral cavity. The present study aimed to estimate, compare, and correlate serum and SALIVARY glucose and IgA levels and SALIVARY candidal carriage in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Methods. Eighty-eight subjects were categorized into three groups: group 1 (controlled DM; n=27), group 2 (uncontrolled DM; n = 32) and group 3 (non-diabetics; n = 29). Serum and SALIVARY glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase/peroxidase method, serum and SALIVARY IgA by a diagnostic kit, and candidal colonization by inoculating samples into Sabouraud dextrose agar plate. Statistical analyses were carried out by one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests, and Pearson’ s correlation coefficient. Results. Significant elevation of serum IgA levels was observed in group 2 compared to group 3 and significant decreases in SALIVARY IgA levels in groups 1 and 2. The candidal carriage was significantly higher in group 2 compared to group 3. Serum glucose and SALIVARY IgA levels showed a significant correlation in group 1. There was a positive correlation between serum/ SALIVARY glucose and serum/SALIVARY IgA levels in group 2. In addition, there was a significant correlation between serum glucose and serum IgA levels in group 3. Conclusion. Saliva could be a potential, non-invasive diagnostic tool to estimate glucose levels. The evaluation of SALIVARY components, like IgA, might be useful in diagnosing and managing oral manifestations in diabetic individuals. Elevated SALIVARY glucose levels contribute to elevated candidal carriage, making individuals susceptible to oral candidiasis.

The purpose of this research was the study of the effects of the wrestling intensive training in maximal intensity of 85% of heart rate reserve for during of 10 weeks, on SALIVARY IgA concentrations of the young wrestlers. In this investigation, 30 young wrestlers were divided into two test and control groups, took part. The test group performed particular exercises and the control group did not do so. SALIVARY samples were taken from both groups and the concentration of S-IgA was measured by SRID.At the end of 5thweek wrestling exercises the concentrations of S-IgA in the test group significantly (39%) decreased (p=0.087). At the end of 10thweek of exercises (p=0.632) and the end of the recovery period (p=0.244) the concentrations of S-IgA of two groups were not different significantly. Results of this research show that, under the effects of the wrestling intensive exercises at the end of 5thweek, secretory immunity (S- IgA) of the young wrestlers experience some changes so that, S- IgA concentrations decrease. But regarding to returning these variations in the recovery, its importance is not completely to returning these variations in the recovery, its importance is not completely clear. However, there is probably reduction of body defense against to pathogen injuries, and also incidence of infection diseases (URTI).

Background: Nowadays mobile phone is very popular, causing concern about the effect it has on people's health. Parotid SALIVARY glands are in close contact to cell phone while talking with the phone and the possibility of being affected by them. Limited studies have evaluated the effect of cell phone use on the secretions of these glands; so this study was designed to investigate the effects of duration of mobile phone use on the total antioxidant capacity of saliva.Methods: Unstimulated saliva from 105 volunteers without oral lesions collected. The volunteers based on daily usage of mobile phones were divided into three groups then total antioxidant capacity of saliva was measured by Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) method. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 19. ANOVA was used to compare 3 groups and post-hoc Tukey test to compare between two groups.Results: Average total antioxidant capacities of saliva in 3 groups were 657.91 mmol/lit, 726.77 mm/lit and 560.17mmol/lit, respectively. The two groups had statistically significant different (P=0.039).Conclusion: Over an hour talking with a cell phone decreases total antioxidant capacity of saliva in comparison with talking less than twenty minutes.

Introduction: Final examinations are important stressors in schools and universities that result in different psychoneuroimmunological outcomes but the study of these effects on children has not been paid enough attention to. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of final examinations on SALIVARY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in children.Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial a total of 100 children (50 boys, 50 girls) in 5th grade, aged less than 12 years from two primary schools of 5th educational district in Tehran were choosen randomly. The subjects completed Test Anxiety Scales of Sarason & Abolghasemi. After making sure of their physical and mental health by reviewing their medical history, clinical examinations and after controlling sleep, food, drug and sport variables, based on time series design, SALIVARY IgA samples were taken five times as followed: one week before and then three times through mathematics, history and science exams and at last one week after passing the exams at, 9 to 10 am. IgA samples were analyzed by nephlometry method. Data was analyzed using ANOVA.Results: Findings indicated that IgA level was decreased significantly during examinations comparing to IgA levels before and after examinations (p=0.01). The relations of sex and anxiety scores were not statistically significant. It means that decreased IgA levels are the same in all children.Conclusion: Final examinations as a stress resource, diminishes IgA and this change is not related to sex and test anxiety score.